Unlike most vitamins, B12 has a uniquely complex absorption pathway: Stomach acid and pepsin release B12 from food proteins B12 binds to R-proteins (haptocorrins) in saliva and stomach Pancreatic enzymes release B12 from R-proteins in the small intestine B12 binds to intrinsic factor (produced by gastric parietal cells) The B12-intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in the terminal ileum A breakdown at any of these five steps causes deficiency which is why B12 deficiency is far more common than dietary intake alone would predict
They can be injected in the same session (separately drawn up, separate syringes), but never mix in the same vial
The result=impaired cognitive performance in terms of memory, executive functioning, speed of thought, and so on
Stacking the two can amplify blood sugar lowering more than expected
Kirby A, Woodward A, Jackson S, Wang Y, Crawford MA (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of omega-3 supplementation in children aged 810 years from a mainstream school population
TB-500 has been developed to leverage the benefits of thymosin beta-4, focusing on enhancing tissue regeneration, reducing inflammation, and promoting overall recovery
